{"id":3750,"date":"2021-11-30T16:11:54","date_gmt":"2021-11-30T15:11:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.arpamed.fr\/?p=3750"},"modified":"2024-02-20T17:41:12","modified_gmt":"2024-02-20T16:41:12","slug":"les-mines-dargent-de-thorikos-revelees","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.arpamed.fr\/en\/les-mines-dargent-de-thorikos-revelees\/","title":{"rendered":"Les mines d\u2019argent de Thorikos r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9es"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Le projet Thorikos 047<\/em>, men\u00e9 sous l\u2019\u00e9gide de l\u2019\u00c9cole belge d\u2019Ath\u00e8nes et soutenu par ARPAMED, vise \u00e0 analyser la gen\u00e8se et l\u2019\u00e9volution de cet anthroposyst\u00e8me des mines d’argent en examinant conjointement les processus de min\u00e9ralisation, les techniques d\u2019extraction mini\u00e8re, ainsi que l\u2019habitat durant le N\u00e9olithique Final et l\u2019\u00c2ge du Bronze.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Photographie prise au fond de la mine de l’Acropole de Thorikos montrant une galerie de jonction dat\u00e9e de l\u2019\u00e9poque classique. (c) D. MORIN, ERMINA & EBSA.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le district m\u00e9tallif\u00e8re du Laurion (Attique, Gr\u00e8ce) renferme des installations mini\u00e8res qui comptent parmi les plus anciennes et les plus spectaculaires du monde \u00e9g\u00e9en avec ses puits verticaux qui d\u00e9fient l\u2019imagination. Ses ressources en cuivre, en plomb et surtout en argent ont, en effet, \u00e9t\u00e9 exploit\u00e9es d\u00e8s la Pr\u00e9histoire. Le site arch\u00e9ologique de Thorikos, sur la c\u00f4te orientale du Laurion, offre l\u2019opportunit\u00e9 rare d\u2019\u00e9tudier une implantation humaine situ\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019aplomb d\u2019un vaste complexe minier dont les origines datent du N\u00e9olithique Final (4e<\/sup> mill\u00e9naire av. J.-C.) et l\u2019apog\u00e9e de l\u2019\u00e9poque classique (5-4e<\/sup> si\u00e8cles av. J.-C.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La derni\u00e8re campagne de terrain s\u2019est d\u00e9roul\u00e9e durant les mois d\u2019ao\u00fbt et septembre 2021. Elle a permis de collecter des \u00e9chantillons g\u00e9ologiques en vue de leur analyse, de reprendre la fouille de l\u2019habitat pr\u00e9historique sur le sommet de la colline du V\u00e9latouri et de poursuivre l\u2019exploration des r\u00e9seaux miniers souterrains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Reprise de la fouille de l’habitat pr\u00e9historique au sommet du Grand V\u00e9latouri.  (c) EBSA, S. DEDERIX. <\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n
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La colline du V\u00e9latouri, sur laquelle s\u2019\u00e9tend le site de Thorikos. (c) EBSA, S. DEDERIX.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

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Des tessons dat\u00e9s du N\u00e9olithique Final, des outils d\u2019abattage en pierre et les traces laiss\u00e9es dans la roche t\u00e9moignent d\u2019une exploitation de l\u2019argent pr\u00e9coce, d\u00e8s le 4e<\/sup> mill\u00e9naire av. J.-C., au sud de la colline du V\u00e9latouri. D\u2019abord \u00e0 ciel ouvert et \u00e0 l\u2019affleurement, l\u2019exploitation s\u2019est poursuivie en sous-sol \u00e0 partir du Bronze Ancien II (2650-2500 av. J.-C.). D\u00e8s lors, l\u2019extraction mini\u00e8re va contribuer \u00e0 l\u2019essor de Thorikos qui devient un centre majeur dirig\u00e9 par une \u00e9lite au d\u00e9but du Bronze R\u00e9cent (1700-1470 av. J.-C.), comme en t\u00e9moignent notamment les tombes monumentales construites \u00e0 cette \u00e9poque sur l\u2019acropole du V\u00e9latouri. Le site semble d\u00e9cliner durant l\u2019\u00e9poque Myc\u00e9nienne. Cependant, les mines vont rester exploit\u00e9es jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la fin de l\u2019\u00c2ge du Bronze (12e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle av. J.-C.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A l\u2019issue d\u2019une p\u00e9riode d\u2019abandon, Thorikos est de nouveau r\u00e9occup\u00e9 \u00e0 partir de 900 av. J.-C. et connait une croissance rapide d\u00e8s la fin du 6e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle av. J.-C., lorsque l\u2019exploitation mini\u00e8re s\u2019intensifie. A l\u2019\u00e9poque classique (5-4e<\/sup> si\u00e8cles av. J.-C.), Thorikos \u00e9tait une ville dot\u00e9e d\u2019un syst\u00e8me de d\u00e9fense, d\u2019un th\u00e9\u00e2tre, de temples, de n\u00e9cropoles, et surtout d\u2019installations destin\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019extraction du plomb argentif\u00e8re et \u00e0 la production d\u2019argent qui servait alors \u00e0 frapper la monnaie ath\u00e9nienne. Pour extraire le minerai, les mineurs se sont enfonc\u00e9s de plus en plus profond\u00e9ment sous la colline du V\u00e9latouri, cr\u00e9ant ainsi un labyrinthe de galeries souterraines. Plus de cinq kilom\u00e8tres de r\u00e9seaux souterrains \u00e9tag\u00e9s sur deux niveaux ont \u00e9t\u00e9 explor\u00e9s \u00e0 ce jour, mais les mines de Thorikos sont encore loin d\u2019avoir livr\u00e9 leurs secrets.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Thorikos 047 \u2013 Voyage au centre de la terre. Puits antique de section quadrangulaire en cours d\u2019exploration. (c) EBSA, D. MORIN.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

La morphologie des galeries, l\u2019organisation des travaux et le mobilier arch\u00e9ologique permettent de distinguer plusieurs phases d\u2019activit\u00e9s mini\u00e8res. La phase classique, la plus \u00e9tendue, se caract\u00e9rise par la r\u00e9gularit\u00e9 des galeries soigneusement taill\u00e9es \u00e0 la pointerolle et par des puits verticaux qui mettent en relation les deux niveaux de min\u00e9ralisations. D\u2019une architecture g\u00e9om\u00e9trique parfaite, ces puits restent une \u00e9nigme tant le soin apport\u00e9 \u00e0 leur r\u00e9alisation est impressionnant. Il est par ailleurs difficile aujourd\u2019hui d\u2019imaginer les conditions extr\u00eames de travail des mineurs dans ces d\u00e9dales de galeries d\u2019une amplitude limit\u00e9e (30 – 40 cm par endroits), o\u00f9 r\u00e8gne une chaleur \u00e9touffante. La progression dans de tels espaces confin\u00e9s, dont le taux d\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne doit \u00eatre en permanence surveill\u00e9, n\u00e9cessite une vigilance constante. Les traces d\u2019outils sur les parois, les graffitis, les lampes \u00e0 huile et les aires de concassage, attestent de l\u2019activit\u00e9 des mineurs employ\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019abattage du minerai de plomb argentif\u00e8re.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Son heure de gloire pass\u00e9e, Thorikos finit par tomber \u00e0 l\u2019abandon au 3e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle av. J.-C. Cependant, les mines ont continu\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00eatre exploit\u00e9es durant les \u00e9poques romaine et byzantine \u2013 en t\u00e9moignent le foudroyage des galeries antiques, la multiplication des travaux d\u2019abattage au feu et les c\u00e9ramiques abandonn\u00e9es au sol. Les mines de Thorikos et, de mani\u00e8re g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, du Laurion ont ensuite connu un ultime renouveau \u00e0 la fin du 19e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle, lorsque l\u2019exploitation a repris de mani\u00e8re intensive sous l\u2019impulsion de la Compagnie Fran\u00e7aise des Mines du Laurion, install\u00e9e \u00e0 moins de 1,5 km au sud de Thorikos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par S. DEDERIX, D. MORIN, A. TARANTOLA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour en savoir plus :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Page 2021 du projet : Les Mines d’argent de Thorikos | Arpamed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Page 2022 du projet : Thorikos 047 | Arpamed<\/a>. Par S. DEDERIX, D. MORIN, A. TARANTOLA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Page 2023 du projet : Voyage au centre de la Terre : les mines du Laurion en Gr\u00e8ce | Arpamed.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site du Thorikos Archaeological Research Project<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le projet Thorikos 047, men\u00e9 sous l\u2019\u00e9gide de l\u2019\u00c9cole belge d\u2019Ath\u00e8nes et soutenu par ARPAMED, vise \u00e0 analyser la gen\u00e8se et l\u2019\u00e9volution de cet anthroposyst\u00e8me des mines d’argent en examinant conjointement les processus de min\u00e9ralisation, les techniques d\u2019extraction mini\u00e8re, ainsi que l\u2019habitat durant le N\u00e9olithique Final et l\u2019\u00c2ge du Bronze.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":3751,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3750","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.3","language":"en","enabled_languages":["fr","en"],"languages":{"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"en":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLes mines d\u2019argent de Thorikos r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9es - Arpamed<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.arpamed.fr\/les-mines-dargent-de-thorikos-revelees\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" 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